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To investigate the roles of miRNAs in animal survival during starvation-induced L1 diapause, we impaired the overall miRISC function with loss-of-function (lf) mutants of ain-1 (ku322, ku425, and tm3681) and ain-2(tm2432) and examined their L1 starvation survival rate (Materials and Methods). The strong suppression of the mir-71(lf) defect by hbl-1(RNAi), and the relatively weak effect of miR-71 on hbl-1 expression, are consistent with the idea that miR-71 exerts its role by modulating activities of multiple genes related to hbl-1 function in developmental timing. In contrast, the nuclear-localized GFP expression under the control of the 3?UTR of age-1(Fig. 3 C and D) or unc-31 (Fig. 3 E and F) was strongly repressed in the control worms, but prominently derepressed in mir-71(lf) mutant worms. If the 3?UTR of age-1 or unc-31 is repressed by miR-71, the GFP expression will be repressed in tissues where miR-71 is expressed in wild-type worms, but derepressed in the same tissues of mir-71(lf) worms. (A) The mir-71(n4115, lf) mutant displayed severe reduction in L1 starvation survival rate, and the reduced survival rate of mir-71(lf) was suppressed by a reduction-of-function allele of age-1(hx546). (C) The reduced L1 starvation survival rate of ain-1(lf) mutants was significantly suppressed by a null allele of unc-31.
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- Elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae, leading us to focus further analyses on these two genes.
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- As pointed out above, multiple miRNAs in addition to miR-71 and the let-7 family miRNAs have roles in L1 diapause, and they may regulate the expression of many diverse targets that may include, but are not limited to, factors involved in UNC-31–InsR-signaling activities.
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- Individual GFP reporter constructs for candidate genes (4 ng/?L) and the mCherry internal control plasmid (4 ng/?L) were mixed with unc-119 rescuing plasmid (20 ng/?L) and pBluescript KS+ (72 ng/?L) and coinjected into unc-119(ed3) and mir-71(n4115); unc-119(ed3) worms following standard protocols (32).
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These results compelled us to examine specific interactions between individual miRNAs and their targets to gain mechanistic insights. This result suggests that miR-71 likely functions upstream of, or in parallel to, HBL-1 in regulating VPC timing. Moreover, the expression of hbl-1 is repressed by let-7 family miRNAs at L3 during normal development, and the hyperactivity of hbl-1 caused by failure of miRNA regulation leads to retarded development (26).
This result is consistent with the observation that miR-71 is specifically required for the starvation-induced stress response (Fig. S5). For example, we observed a robust retarded mutant phenotype in the vulval lineage but did not see obvious defects in seam cell differentiation or alae formation. It seems plausible that miRNAs that control developmental timing are also involved in regulating the metabolic rate through repressing the InsR pathway activity.
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- (H) Fluorescence and DIC images showing that a lin-42 3?UTR reporter was repressed in mir-71(+) worms (2/2 transgenic lines) and prominently derepressed in mir-71(?) worms (2/2 transgenic lines).
- (H and I) Fluorescence images (H) and statistical data (I) showing that the M cell diveded in fed animals but remained undivided in 4-, 7-, or 11-d–starved L1 wild-type and mir-71(lf) worms.
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L1 Starvation Survival Assay and Statistical Analysis.
Here we show that compromising overall microRNA (miRNA) functions or mutating certain individual miRNAs impairs the long-term survival of nematodes during starvation-induced L1 diapause. Third-party accounts will also be restored if third-party backup was enabled on the old device. If you become locked out of those services and don’t have a backup of your accounts in Duo Mobile, you’ll need to contact the support team for that application (or perform the account recovery process for each of those third-party applications). However, whether an account can be restored depends upon Duo Restore being enabled by the administrator in the Duo Admin Panel or whether you’ve set a recovery password for reconnecting third-party accounts.
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It is also worth mentioning that multiple components of the InsR pathway, including age-1, pdk-1, akt-2, and daf-16, are predicted to be targets of the let-7 family miRNAs. Our data provide the experimental evidence that two components of the InsR pathway are likely direct targets of miR-71 in its role in a specific physiological process, L1 diapause (see a model in Fig. S5). Components of the InsR pathway, including age-1, have recently been predicted to be targets of miR-71 in its role in aging (14).
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